In the early 1800’s over 80 percent of the United States lab

Read the passage and mark A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions. In the early 1800’s, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent. People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, silversmiths, candle or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family.Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber-all readily available on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870’s and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to industrial growth.Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive.The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at less expense.

Câu 1: The word “ expendable” is closest in meaning to _______.

A. nonproductive

B. unacceptable  

C. nonessential  

D. unprofitable

Câu 2: The word “Others” in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

A. adults

B. promises  

C.  goods and services

D. social opportunities

Câu 3: What is the main idea of paragraph 3?

A. What American factories offered their farmer

B. What led American farmers to leaving their farms

C. How much capital was needed in American factories

D.  How the American work force benefited from new techologies

Câu 4: Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers are are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who ________.

A. maintained their businesses at home    

B. were eventually able to use sophisticated technology 

C. produced unusual goods and commodities

D. would employ only family members

Câu 5: According to thepassage, factor workers differed from craft workers in that factory workers _______.

A. were required to be more creative

B. worked extensively with raw materials

C. changed jobs frequently  

D.  specialized in one aspect of the finished product only

Câu 6: What aspect of life in the United States does the passage maily discuss?

A. The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy.

B.  The invention that transformed life in the nineteenth century.

C. The problems associated with the earliest factories.

D. The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth century.

Câu 7: What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming "capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive"?

A. Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.

B. The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities.

C. Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.

D. Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.

Câu 8: Which of the following statements woud the author most probably support?

A. The United States witnessed the prosperity of industrialization in a short duration.

B.  The United States farming was under the utmost influence of industrialization process.  

C.  Both economic and social factors resulted in the rise of industrialization in the United States.

D. Crucial changes in the United States society were generated by the industrial growth.

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