Early peoples had no need of engineering works to supply the

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.Early peoples had no need of engineering works to supply their water. Hunters and nomads camped near natural sources of fresh water, and populations were so sparse that pollution of the water supply was not a serious problem. After community life developed and agricultural villages became urban centres, the problem of supplying water became important for inhabitants of a city, as well as for irrigation of the farms surrounding the city. Irrigation works were known in prehistoric times, and before 2000 BC the rulers of Babylonia and Egypt constructed systems of dams and canals to impound the flood waters of the Euphrates and Nile rivers, controlling floods and providing irrigation water throughout the dry season. Such irrigation canals also supplied water for domestic purposes. The first people to consider the sanitation of their water supply were the ancient Romans, who constructed a vast system of aqueducts to bring the clean waters of the Apennine Mountains into the city and built basins and filters along these mains to ensure the clarity of the water. The construction of such extensive water-supply systems declined when the Roman Empire disintegrated, and for several centuries local springs and wells formed the main source of domestic and industrial water.The invention of the force pump in England in the middle of the 16th century greatly extended the possibilities of development of water-supply systems. In London, the first pumping waterworks was completed in 1562; it pumped river water to a reservoir about 37 m above the level of the River Thames and from the reservoir the water was distributed by gravity, through lead pipes, to buildings in the vicinity.Increased per-capita demand has coincided with water shortages in many countries. Southeast England, for example, receives only 14 per cent of Britain's rainfall, has 30 per cent of its population, and has experienced declining winter rainfall since the 1980s.In recent years a great deal of interest has been shown in the conversion of seawater to fresh water to provide drinking water for very dry areas, such as the Middle East. Several different processes, including distillation, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, and direct-freeze evaporation, have been developed for this purpose. Some of these processes have been used in large facilities in the United States. Although these processes are successful, the cost of treating seawater is much higher than that for treating fresh water.

Câu 1: Clean water supply was first taken into consideration by                      .

A. the Egyptians       

B. the US people        

C. the English people

D. the ancient Romans

Câu 2: The word “mains” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by “                     ”.  

A. rivers        

B. pipes            

C. areas            

D. lands

Câu 3: Which of the following is NOT true about London’s water supply in the middle of the 16th century?

A. Water was pumped from the River Thames.

B. Water was stored in a reservoir.

C. Water was conducted through canals.

D. Water ran from the reservoir to buildings.

Câu 4: Early peoples didn’t need water supply engineering  works because                     .

A. they had good ways to irrigate their farms

B. their community life had already developed

C. there was almost no dry season in prehistoric times

D. natural sources of fresh water nearby were always available

Câu 5: One of the causes of water shortages in South-east England is                      .

A. increased demand                           

B. water pollution

C. water-supply system decline          

D. water evaporation

Câu 6: For several centuries after the disintegration of the Roman Empire, the main source of water supply was from            .

A. water pipes                   

B. systems of aqueducts                    

C. dams and canals                          

D. springs and wells

Câu 7: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a process of converting seawater to freshwater?

A. Steaming and cooling        

B. Water evaporation

C. Dissolving chemicals                 

D. Purification method

Câu 8: The word “ vicinity” in paragraph 2 refers to “                     ”

A. The neighborhood around a reservoir.         

B. The region where industry developed.

C. The cities in South- East England.            

D. The areas along the River Thames.

024.7300.7989
1800.6947